From Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in Amer

From Individualism to Unionism: The Changing Meaning of Freedom in America In 1893, when Frederick Jackson Turner conveyed his discourse on the noteworthiness of boondocks at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he was tending to a crowd of people that had seen the radical changes that moved through the nation in the course of the last sixty or so years. The United States had gone from the agrarian country of Jefferson’s visionâ€one with a moderately adjusted division of riches, a populace of homogenous talented laborers, and a tight meaning of equity dependent on an expansive meaning of freedomâ€to the exceptionally industrialized urban country celebrated by the World’s Fair itselfâ€one of energized riches, immense and expanding quantities of unassimilated, incompetent specialists, and an interest for an arrival to the old fairness to the detriment of the old idea of opportunity. Turner’s postulation was strung with perceptions of these changes, and made an endeavor to represent them as far as the changing geolo gy of America. â€Å"Each outskirts did without a doubt outfit another field of chance, a door of getaway from the servitude of the past; and newness, and certainty, and hatred of more seasoned society, fretfulness of its restrictions and its ideas,† Turner composed (Turner, 17). Seen from this point of view, opportunity in pre-mechanical wilderness America was opportunity from a predominant and unified government and towards what Turner named â€Å"that fretful, apprehensive vitality; that prevailing individualism† (Turner, 17). This definition is bolstered by essayists like William Legget, and John C. Calhoun, who contended against the solidification of wide political force in the hands of a couple. In any case, that sort of opportunity relied on the open door for monetary portability for those looking for it,... ...y which to oversee it. The open boondocks gave an outlet away from government and towards the individual, both strategically and monetarily. On the most reasonable level, modest land, requiring minimal capital speculation, was consistently accessible in the regions and they offered a steady open door for financial development thus. Strategically, the possibility of outskirts resounded with Americans as a position of practically anarchic individual opportunity. The end of the wilderness represented both the finish of the sort of unregulated financial development and the particular significance of opportunity that had been the signs of the nineteenth Century. Works Cited Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Dover, 1971. Turner, Frederick Jackson. â€Å"The Significance of Frontier in American History.† In The Outskirts in American History. <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/>. 1-17.

Blackwater Draw - 12,000 Years of Hunting in New Mexico

Blackwater Draw - 12,000 Years of Hunting in New Mexico Blackwater Draw is a significant archeological site related with the Clovis time frame, individuals who chased mammoths and other enormous warm blooded animals in the North American landmass between 12,500â€12,900 schedule years prior (cal BP). At the point when Blackwater Draw was first possessed, a little spring-took care of lake or bog close to what is currently Portales, New Mexico was populated with wiped out types of elephant, wolf, buffalo, and horse, and the individuals who chased them. Ages of a considerable lot of the most punctual inhabitants of the New World inhabited Blackwater Draw, making a layer cake of human settlement trash including Clovis (radiocarbon dated between 11,600â€11,000 [RCYBP]), Folsom (10,800â€10,000 years BP), Portales (9,800â€8,000 RCYBP), and Archaic (7,000â€5,000 RCYBP) period occupations. History of Blackwater Draw Excavations Proof of the most punctual occupation at what was to be known as the Blackwater Draw site was sent to the Smithsonian Institution in 1929, however full-scale uncovering didnt occur until 1932 after the New Mexico streets division started quarrying in the area. Edgar B. Howard of the University of Pennsylvania Museum led the primary unearthings there between 1932â€33, yet he was not really the last. From that point forward, excavators have remembered a significant number of the best archeologists for the New World. John L. Cotter, E. H. Sellards and Glen Evans, A.E. Dittert and Fred Wendorf, Arthur Jelinek, James Hester, and Jerry Harbor, Vance Haynes, William King, Jack Cunningham, and George Agogino all worked at Blackwater Draw, at times in front of the inconsistent rock mining activities, now and again not. At last, in 1978, the site was purchased by Eastern New Mexico University, who work a little on location office and the Blackwater Draw exhibition hall, and right up 'til today lead archeological examinations. Visiting Blackwater Draw Visiting the site is an encounter not to be missed. In the interceding centuries since the ancient occupations of the site, the atmosphere has dried out, and the remainders of the site presently lie 15 feet and more beneath the cutting edge surface. You enter the site from the east and meander down along an independently directed way into the profundities of the previous quarry tasks. An enormous windowed shed ensures the past and flow unearthings; and a littler shed secures a Clovis-period hand-burrowed well, one of the soonest water control frameworks in the New World; and one of in any event 20 all out wells nearby, for the most part dated to the American Archaic. The Blackwater Draw Museum site at Eastern New Mexico University has outstanding amongst other open projects depicting any archeological site. Go see their Blackwater Draw site for more data and pictures of one of the most significant Paleoindian archeological destinations in the Americas. Chosen Sources Andrews, Brian N., Jason M. Labelle, and John D. Seebach. Spatial Variability in the Folsom Archeological Record: A Multi-Scalar Approach. American Antiquity 73.3 (2008): 464â€90. Print.Boldurian, Anthony T. Clovis Type-Site, Blackwater Draw, New Mexico: A History, 1929â€2009. North American Archeologist 29.1 (2008): 65â€89. Print.Buchanan, Briggs. An Analysis of Folsom Projectile Point Resharpening Using Quantitative Comparisons of Form and Allometry. Diary of Archeological Science 33.2 (2006): 185â€99. Print.Grayson, Donald K., and David J. Meltzer. Returning to Paleoindian Exploitation of Extinct North American Mammals. Diary of Archeological Science 56 (2015): 177â€93. Print.Haynes, C. Vance and James M. Warnica. Geography, Archeology, and Climate Change in Blackwater Draw, New Mexico: F. Lord Green and the Geoarchaeology of the Clovis Type Site. Eastern New Mexico Contributions in Anthropology 15, 2012Seebach, John D. Stratigraphy and Bonebed Taphonomy at Blackw ater Draw Locality No. 1 During the Middle Holocene (Altithermal). Fields Anthropologist 47.183 (2002): 339â€58. Print.

8 Tips for Coping When Your Partner Is Unfaithful

8 Tips for Coping When Your Partner Is Unfaithful December 10, 2019 Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Finding out that your partner has been unfaithful can hit you like a ton of bricks. Your marriage may be thrown into a state of crisis that may destroy it. It is natural to want to know why your partner cheated, but there is rarely a simple answer to why someone becomes unfaithful. It could be a symptom of other problems in your marriage, it could relate to something in your partners past, or it could be totally unrelated to you or to your marriage. No matter the cause, youll have a lot of complicated feelings to sort through, and a lot to think about as you decide how to move forward. These eight tips can help you cope with the aftermath of betrayal: Accept Your Feelings Shock, agitation, fear, pain, depression, and confusion are normal. You will likely feel like youre on an emotional rollercoaster for a while.?? It takes time to get beyond the pain of having an unfaithful mate. Dont expect the mixture of feelings and the mistrust to go away even if youre trying to forgive your partner and repair your marriage. Your marriage has changed and it is natural to grieve the relationship you once had. Dont Seek Revenge Being betrayed by your partner can induce rage. In your furious state, your first instinct may be to punish your mate by trash-talking him to friends (or worse, on social media), or think about having an affair yourself to get even. You may get a temporary sense of satisfaction from these sorts of actions, but ultimately they can work against you, keeping you in a state of anger instead of focusing on healing and moving on, alone or together. Think before you tell your family, as well. They will likely have strong opinions about what you should doâ€"leave or stay. But nobody else really understands what goes on in another persons marriage. While you are pondering how youre going to proceed, its best to keep the details private. Try to Take Care of Yourself You may have some physical reactions due to stress such as nausea, diarrhea, sleep problems (too little or too much), shakiness, difficulty concentrating, not wanting to eat, or overeating. Once the initial shock has passed, try your best to eat healthy foods, to stay on a schedule, to sleep regular hours, to get some exercise each day, to drink plenty of water, and, yes, to have some fun. Avoid the Blame Game Blaming yourself, your partner, or the third party wont change anything and its just wasted energy. Try not to play the victim, either, if you can help it, or wallow in self-pity. It will only make you feel more helpless and bad about yourself.?? Keep Your Kids out of It This situation is between you and your partner and should not involve your children. Even if you have decided to end your marriage, sharing details about an affair will only put your kids in an untenable position, causing them anxiety, making them feel stuck in the middle, and forced to take sides. Seek Counseling Dont try to get through coping with unfaithfulness alone. Before you make any decisions about whether or not to end your marriage, its wise to talk to a couples counselor, who will be neutral and can help you gain insight into what exactly happened.?? You can ask your partner questions and share your feelings without losing your cool. An experienced therapist can help you communicate better and process feelings of guilt, shame, and whatever else you might be feeling. If you decide to end the marriage, you ll know that you tried your best to make it work. The Best Online Marriage Counseling Programs Get Practical If you suspect that the affair will most likely lead to the end of your marriage, give some thought to practical matters, such as where you will live, if you have enough money to pay for your essentials, and, if you have kids, the type of custody arrangement you want. You may also want to consider asking your partner to be tested for STDs, and to get yourself tested as well if you have had sex during or after the affair.?? Take It One Day at a Time Infidelity is one of the more difficult challenges a marriage can face, but it doesnt always mean its the end.  As you work through the aftermath over time, it will become clear how to go forward so that the next phase of your life, together or apart, can begin.

Eradication of Beggars - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 541 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Economy Essay Government Essay Population Essay Did you like this example? Eradication of Beggars India, with a billion plus population has a booming economy, more than half of its population feature in the worlds richest list. But still poverty remains the biggest menace today and each of us can help eradicate poverty from our society. Beggars are found in public places like bus stands, near railway station, around religious places, on busy streets, thoroughfares etc. Every district collector/magistrate should be empowered to identify such people with their names (names could be misleading because they may not be having a birth certificate or any other source of valid identification) Once the identification process is over, the next step is to hand them over to institutions like Missionaries of Charity. Meanwhile, both the Government of India and top five hundred corporations of India (Fortune 500 companies of India can come forward under Corporate Social Responsibility) must tie up and forge an alliance with institutions like Missionaries of Ch arity, under Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme. The scheme should be aimed at uplifting each and every beggar in India. The suggested scheme under PPP is to fine-tune this expertise so that each and every beggar gets a permanent shelter to live in, get proper food to eat and decent clothes to wear. Once these basic essentials are assured, he/she can be given training on jobs like weaving clothes on loom, art, crafts, and handicrafts and so on with the help of mechanized / semi-mechanized machines. Additionally, the finance organization of such missionaries ought to be of high order, which should be the driving force for corporate to donate money for such social causes. The government can become the facilitator by assuring reservation of quotas for all the goods produced by the beggars. Such reservations can be done in all big malls and duty free shops. Additionally, the government can also mandate export of such products to foreign countries where people love to associat e with such products because it is for a social cause. Further, I can add that the above suggested PPP mode is for a very important social cause aimed at eradicating poverty completely by bringing three partners together: one is government, the second is corporate and the third missionaries/institutions like Missionaries of Charity. I am getting more and more convinced that once all these three partners come together to resolve the issue of begging within a time-frame, results would be promising. While formulating the above scheme, government and corporate houses both should aim for complete eradication of beggars from the society within a time frame through this PPP approach. There could be a need for taking the help (hiring) of doctors and psychologists. The PPP scheme should also address these issues while being framed. I hope I have been able to convey some doable thoughts to eradicate beggars completely from the society! I would like to end up this write up with a quote o f Mother Teresa: â€Å"I am not sure exactly what heaven will be like, but I don’t know that when we die and it comes time for God to judge us, he will not ask, ’How many good things have you done in your life’? Rather he will ask, ’How much love did you put into what you did’? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Eradication of Beggars" essay for you Create order

The Life Of John F. Kennedy Essay - 1840 Words

The Life of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917, the second of nine children. He was a US statesman and our 35th president. He came from a family with a history of good politics. As an infant he lived in a comfortable but modest frame house in that suburb of Boston. As the family got larger and the fathers income and fortune increased, the Kennedys moved to larger, more impressive homes. Their first home was in Brookline, followed by the suburbs of New York City. John F. Kennedy had a happy childhood that was full of family games and sports. He attended many different private elementary schools, which were all non parochial. He later spent a year at Canterbury School in New Milford,†¦show more content†¦During that summer he took many different back strengthening exercises, and in September he was accepted by the Navy. In March 1943, as a lieutenant he took command of a PT (torpedo) boat in the Solomon Islands. On the night of August 2, his boat was crui sing west of New Georgia it was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer. He rallied the survivors and managed to get them to an island after being thrown across the deck onto his back. He then towed a wounded man three miles through a rough journey through different seas. He was a very brave man, for several days he risked his life repeatedly, swimming into dangerous waters hoping to find a rescue ship. He finally met up with two friendly islanders and sent them for aid with a message that he carved on a coconut. Back home he received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, and the Purple Heart, but his earlier back injury had been aggravated, and unfortunately he contracted malaria. After an operation on his back, he was discharged early in 1945. Now he is faced with a decision to make a different career path. In 1945 Kennedy worked for several months as a reporter for the Hearst newspapers, covering the conference at San Francisco that established the United Nations. Ultimately he decided that he wanted a political career and returned to Boston. He took the place of his brother Joseph, who had seemed destined for politics but hadShow MoreRelatedThe Life of John F. Kennedy800 Words   |  4 Pages John F. Kennedy was the 35 president and was shot driving through Dallas, TX by Lee Harvey Oswald. John married Jackie Bouvier on September 12, 1953.They got married at Bouvier in Newport, Rhode Island. They were married for 10 years. They had four children named Caroline, John , Patrick, and Arabella.Caroline was born on November 27,1957. John was born on November 25,1960, and died July 16, 1999 in a plane crash involving his wife and kids. Patrick was born on , and died 2 days after birthRead MoreThe Life of John F. Kennedy1 339 Words   |  6 PagesIt all started May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, the day John F. Kennedy was born. Jack as the Kennedy’s called him was born to the parents Joseph P. and Rose Kennedy. Jack may not have been the first born in the family, but he certainly wasn’t the last. He was born as the second child out of nine children in the family, and they all were successful. All eleven of the Kennedy’s lived in a clapboard house in Brookline, a town just outside of Boston. Jack had a lot to live up to thoughRead MoreLife Of A President : John F. Kennedy2290 Words   |  10 PagesUnited States lost a precious human life that day, the life of a president: John Fitzgerald Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was more than just a Google search. He had a wife, Jacqueline (Jackie) Kennedy, and two children Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy, Jr. The Kennedys faced trouble when it came to having children not once, but twice. In 1956, Jackie gave birth to a stillborn baby girl they had planned on naming Arabella (Klein). Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born November 27, 1957. On AugustRead MoreThe Life and Legacy of John F. Kennedy867 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline Massachusetts. He was the second son born to Joseph Patrick and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. Despite being born into Boston’s wealthy Irish population, the family was not accepted into the Boston’s Protestant elite. This was due to the opinion of the Boston Brahmins, who perceived the Kennedy’s to still be mere Irish immigrants. Even though earlier relatives Thomas Fitzgerald and Patrick Kennedy emigrated from Ireland to Boston in 1845 and 184 8Read MoreTwo Weeks in the Life of John F. Kennedy685 Words   |  3 Pagesshifts were taking place, impacting the lives of citizens and altering the American way of life. However, it is easy to study that time period and only focus on those large changes, when, in the background, small, everyday things are taking place that play just as big a role. More specifically, when people look into the lives of presidents during the 1960s, they typically start at their big decisions, life–shattering speeches, and, if interesting enough, their deaths. Although this can be an effectiveRead MoreThe Life and Presidency of John F. Kennedy Essay489 Words   |  2 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was a man of great knowledge. For example as a child he would discuss politics at the dinner table. When he was in school he attended a number of academies and private schools. He went to some of the greatest Ivy League colleges in the world, which helped lea d him to the White House. Sadly his life was taken at the young age of 46, but his legacy still continues. John F. Kennedy was born to Joseph Patrick Kennedy and Rose FitzgeraldRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy: Life and Times853 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. John’s mother’s name was Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy and his father, Joseph Patrick Kennedy. Rose and Joseph had 9 children in total. John had a very competitive childhood with his older brother Joseph Patrick Junior. Jack (JFK) was sick very often in his childhood, but nether less he was very active in sports and very social. Jack’s brother Joe Jr. was his parents’ favorite son. Joseph Patrick Kennedy was theRead MoreBrief Summary of John F. Kennedy ´s Life1017 Words   |  5 Pagesand inauspicious leaders. One of the top leaders happen to be John Fitzgerald Kennedy of the United States of America. John Fitzgerald Kennedy very prosperous leader was his speeches that he gave to the american people and to the world trying to make the world a much higher quality place to live. He also asked the american people â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.† John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Ma. He was born into a veryRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy: A Life of Abundance Before He Became President903 Words   |  4 Pagesor country. John F. Kennedy was known as a great leader and he was also known throughout the world for his heroic deeds. John F. Kennedy’s Assassination was a huge milestone in the past half century and it has affected many American lives. John F. Kennedy lived an abundant life including his younger years, his years in Congress, and his final days as President of the United States. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, also known as Jack, was born on May 29, 1917 in Brooklyn, Massachusetts. John was named afterRead MoreJohn F. Kennedys Life, Struggles, and Accomplishments Essay872 Words   |  4 Pages John F. Kennedy’s beginnings These words said by a powerful president, who had helped this country not only be successful but a very strong country. John F. Kennedy said these words to tell Americans, you need to care for your country not just yourself. John F. Kennedy was not only a president but he was in the U.S. Navy, which I think means he has pride in his country and was willing to do anything he could do to make it a better place. In chronological order I will discuss John F. Kennedy’s

Medical Immunology Free Essays

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY Terence L. Eday, RMT, MT(ASCPi), MPH College of Medical Technology / Medical Laboratory Science University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Historical Perspective †¢ 1773, Voltaire reported on an ancient Chinese custom where dried and powdered small pox scabs were inhaled †¢ 1798, Edward Anthony Jenner, Smallpox vaccination †¢ 1862, Ernst Haekel, Recognition of phagocytosis 1877, Paul Erlich, recognition of mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1879, Louis Pasteur, Attennuated chicken cholera vaccine development †¢ 1883, Ellie Metchnikoff developed the cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis; phagocytic theory; cellular theory of vaccination †¢ 1885, Pasteur discovered therapeutic vaccination; first report of live â€Å"attenuated† vaccine for rabies Historical Perspective 1888, Pierre Roux Alexander Yersin, Bacterial toxins (Yersinia pestis) †¢ 1888, George Nuttall, Bactericidal action of blood †¢ 189 0, Emil von Behring and Kitasata introduced passive immunization into modern medicine; humoral theory of immunity †¢ 1891, Robert Koch demonstrated the cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity †¢ 1894, Richard Pfeiffer, Bacteriolysis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) 1895, Jules Bordet, Complement and antibody activity in bacteriolysis †¢ 1900, Paul Ehrlich, responsible for the antibody formation theory †¢ 1901, Karl Landsteiner, A, B, and O †¢ 1901-8, Carl Jensen Leo Loeb, Transplantable tumors †¢ 1902, Paul Portier Charles Richet, Anaphylaxis Historical Perspective (1 of 6 ) †¢ 1903, Nicolas Maurice Arthus, discovered the Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity †¢ 1903, Almroth Wright and Stewart Douglas observed the humoral component, opsonin †¢ 1906, Clemens von Pirquet, coined the word allergy †¢ 1907, Svante Arrhenius, coined the term immunochemistry Historical Perspective †¢ 1910, Emil von Dungern, Ludwik Hirszfeld, Inheritance of ABO blood groups †¢ 1910, Peyton Rous, Viral immunology theory †¢ 1914, Clarence Little, Genetics theory of tumor transplantation †¢ 1915-20, Leonll Strong Clarence Little, Inbred mouse strains Historical Perspective †¢ 1917, Karl Landsteiner, Haptens †¢ 1921, Carl Prausnitz Heinz Kustner, Cutaneous reactions †¢ 1924, L. Aschoff, Reticuloendothelial system †¢ 1926, Loyd Felton GH Bailey, Isolation of pure antibody preparation †¢ 1938, John Marrack, Antigen-antibody binding hypothesis Historical Perspective 1936, Peter Gorer, Identification of the H2 antigen in mice †¢ 1940, Karl Landsteiner Alexander Weiner, Identification of the Rh Antigens †¢ 1941, Albert Coons, Immunofluorescence technique †¢ 1942, Jules Freund Katherine McDermott, Adjuvants †¢ 1942, Karl Landsteiner Merill Chase, Cellular transfer of sensitivity in guinea pigs (anaphylaxis) Historical Perspective †¢ 1944, Peter Medwar, Immunological hypothesis of allograft rejection †¢ 1948, Astrid Fagraeus, Demonstration of antibody production in plasma B cells †¢ 1948, George Snell, Congenic mouse lines †¢ 1949, Macfarlane Burnet Frank Fenner, Immunological tolerance hypothesis Historical Perspective †¢ 1950, Richard Gershon and K Kondo, Discovery of supressor T cells †¢ 1952, Ogden and Bruton, discovery of agammaglobulinemia (antibody immunodeficiency) †¢ 1953, Morton Simonsen and WJ Dempster, Graft-versus-host reaction †¢ 1953, James Riley Geoffrey West, Discovery of histamine in mast cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1953, Rupert Billingham, Leslie Brent, Peter Medwar, Milan Hasek, Immunological tolerance hypothesis †¢ 1955-1959, Niels Jerne, David Talmage, Macfarlane Burnet, Clonal Selection Theory †¢ 1957, Ernest Witebsky et all. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Immunology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Induction of autoimmunity in animals †¢ 1957, Alik Isaacs Jean Lindemann, Discovery of interferon (cytokine) Historical Perspective †¢ 1958-62, Jean Dausset et al. , Human leukocyte antigens †¢ 1959-62, Rodney Porter et al. , Discovery of antibody structure †¢ 1959, James Gowans, Lympocyte circulation †¢ 1961-62, Jaques Miller et al. , Discovery of thymus involvement in cellular immunity †¢ 1961-62, Noel Warner et al. , Disctinction of cellular and humoral immune response Historical Perspective †¢ 1963, Jacques Oudin et al. Antibody isotypes †¢ 1964-68, Anthony Davis et al. , T and B cell cooperation in immune response †¢ 1965, Thomas Tomasi et al. , Secretory immunoglobulin antibodies †¢ 1967, Kimishige Ishizaka et al. , Identification of IgE as the reaginic antibody Historical Perspective †¢ 1971, Donald Bailey, Recombinant inbred mouse strains †¢ 1972, Gerald M. Edelman Rodney Porter, Identification of antibody molecul e †¢ 1974, Rolf Zinkernagel Peter Doherty, MHC restriction †¢ 1975, Kohler and Milstein, First monoclonal antibodies used in genetic analysis Historical Perspective †¢ 1984, Robert Good, Failed treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, David the bubble boy) by bone marrow grafting †¢ 1985, Tonegawa, Hood et al. , Identification of immunoglobulin genes †¢ 1985-1987, Leroy Hood et al. , Identification of genes for the T cell receptor †¢ 1986, Monoclonal hepatitis B vaccine Historical Perspective †¢ 1986, Mosmann, Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper-cell function †¢ 1990, Yamamoto et al. Molecular differences between the genes for blood groups O and A and between those for A and B †¢ 1990, NIH team, Gene therapy for SCID using cultured T cells †¢ 1993, NIH team, Treatment of SCID using genetically altered umbilical cord cells Historical Perspective †¢ 1996-1998, Identification of toll-like receptors †¢ 2001, FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory-T-cell development †¢ 2005, Frazer, Development of human papilloma-virus vaccine The IMMUNE SYTEM What is Immunology? â⠂¬ ¢ Study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (nonself) material †¢ †¦ ow body components respond and interact †¢ †¦desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions †¢ †¦ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease What is Immunity? †¢ Latin word â€Å"immunitas†, freedom from †¢ It refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body. †¢ Can be either natural (innate or inborn) or acquired (adaptive) Function of the Immune System †¢ Recognize â€Å"self† from â€Å"nonself† †¢ Defend the body against nonself Physiologic function is to prevent infection and to eradicate established infections (sterilizing immunity) Key Characteristics of the Immune System †¢ Innate immunity †¢ Primary response †¢ Sec ondary response and immunologic memory †¢ Immune response is highly specific †¢ Immune system is tolerant of self-antigens †¢ Immune responses against self-antigens can result in autoimmune diseases †¢ Immune responses against infectious agents do not always lead to elimination of the pathogen (HIV/AIDS) Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): Elimination of many microbial agents through the nonspecific protective mechanisms of the innate immune system. †¢ Cues from the innate immune system inform the cells of the adaptive immune system as to whether it is appropriate to make a response and what type of response to make. Major Principles of Immunity (immune response): †¢ Cells of the adaptive immune system display exquisitely specific recognition of foreign antigens and mobilize potent mechanisms for elimination of microbes bearing such antigens. The immune system displays memory of its previous responses. †¢ Tolerance of self-antigens. Cel ls of the Immune System †¢ Lymphocytes – occupy the central stage; determines the specificity of immunity †¢ Dendritic cells (DCs) Langerhan cells †¢ Monocyte/macrophages †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast cells Basophils †¢ Eosinophils †¢ Epithelial and stromal cells – provides anatomic environment (secretion of critical factors that regulate migration, growth and homeostasis) Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Primary Lymphoid Organs Sites where pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes mature into naive T and B cells in the absence of foreign antigen; †¢ Fetal Liver, Adult bone marrow, and thymus The INNATE IMMUNE SYTEM INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM †¢ relies on germ line-encoded receptors to detect a limited set of microbial structures that are uniquely associated with microbial infection †¢ not a function of a single defined physiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple and diverse defense mechanisms Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Surface epithelium The phagocyte system – critical for the defense against both intracellular and extracellular bacteria as well as fungal pathogens; aided by opsonins †¢ Acute phase response and complement – variety of secreted proteins that function in the circulation and in tissue fluids; secreted by the hepatocytes in response to the inflammatory cytokines IL1 and IL-6 Modules of the Innate Immune System †¢ Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized in the elimination of infected host cells and in aiding defense against viral and other intracellular infections through production of cytokines(IFN-? ; regulated by type I interferons (IFN-? /? ) †¢ Mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils are specialized in defense against multicellular parasites, such as helminthes; regulated by several cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 Strategies of Innate Immune Recognition 1. Recognition of microbial nonself – ref erred to as pattern recognition, based on the recognition of molecular structures that are unique to microorganisms and not produced by the host 2. Recognition of missing self – based on the recognition of molecules expressed only on normal, uninfected cells of the host Targets of Innate Immune Recognition †¢ PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) – molecular structures produced by microbial pathogens, but not by the host organism †¢ PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) – receptors of the innate immune system and represents targets of the innate immune system Targets of Innate Immune Recognition Examples of PAMPs include: (1) LPS of gram-negative bacteria (2) LTA of gram-positive bacteria (3) Peptidoglycans (4) Lipoproteins of bacteria (cell wall) (5) Lipoarabinomannan of mycobacteria (6) dsRNA produced by virus during the infection cycle (7) ? -glucans and mannans found in fungal cell wall Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (1) PRRs that signal the presence of infection; expressed on the cell surface or intracellularly Categories of gene products: a. pr oteins and peptides that have direct antimicrobial effector functions (antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme) b. nflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-8) c. gene products that control activation of the adaptive immune response (MHC, CD80/CD86, IL-12) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Broad categories of PRRs: (2) Phagocytic (or endocytic) PRRs; expressed on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells(DCs) (3) Secreted PRRs (mannan-binding lectin and peptidoglycan-recognition proteins Function: a. activate complement b. opsonize microbials cells to facilitate their phagocytosis c. ccessory proteins for PAMP recognition by transmembrane receptors (TLR) Receptors of the Innate Immune System †¢ Toll-like Receptors – comprise a family of type 1 transmembrane receptors characterized by leucine rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular portion and an intracellular TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) domain; grouped into two classes: (1) TLRs 1, 2, 4 , 5, and 6 are expressed on the plasma membrane and detect bacterial and fungal cell wall components; (2) TLRs 3, 7, and 9 are expressed in endosomal compartments and recognize viral nucleic acids Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) †¢ expressed predominantly in the cells of the immune system, including macrophages, DC, neutrophils, mast cells, and B cells †¢ also expressed on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, surface epithelial cells, and muscle cell †¢ Signal transducing receptor for LPS, heat sensitive protein associated with the cell walls of MTB †¢ Together with CD14 shown to mediate responsiveness to the fusion (F) protein of RSV Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) †¢ Involved in recognition of LTA and peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, bacterial lipoproteins, mycoplasma lipoprotein, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan, a phenol-soluble modulin from S. epidermidis, zymosan of yeast cell walls, and lipoglycosylphosphotidylinositol T. cruzi †¢ Also shown to recognize two kinds of atypical LPS: L. interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivitis Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) Receptor for dsRNA †¢ Can mediate responses to poly(IC) †¢ Expressed on DCs, macrophages, and surface epithelial cells, including instestinal epithelium †¢ Also expressed in CD8+ DCs Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) †¢ Involved in viral recognition and both detect nucleic acids together with TLR9 †¢ Recognizes viral ssRNA (derived from RNA viruses); TLR9 (unmethylated DNA derived from DNA viruses) †¢ Expressed primarily on plasmacytoid dendritic cells †¢ Activated by small antiviral compunds, e. g. imiquinoid †¢ TLR7-mediated recognition takes place inside the late lysosomes Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) †¢ Involved in the antiviral host defense; especially on recognition of DNA viruses (HSV) †¢ Expressed in type-I INF-producing plasmacytoid DCs Phagocytic Receptors †¢ Scavenger receptors – cell-surface glycoproteins that are defined by their ability to bind to modified LDL †¢ Macrophage Mannose Receptor (MR) – type I transmembrane protein expressed primarily in macrophages; involved in phagocytosis of bacterial (MTB, P. eruginosa, K. pneumonia), fungal (S. cerevisae, C. albicans), and protozoan pathogens (P. carinii) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Macrophages – most central and essential functions and have multiple roles in host defense (e. i. â€Å"housekeeping functions†); in red pulp of the spleen, it phagocytose and remove from circulation senescent RBCs †¢ Neutrophils †¢ Mast Cells – best known effectors of aller gic response; protective role is by rapid production of TNF-? nd leukotriene B4 (neutrophil recruitement) Cells of the Innate Immune System †¢ Eosinophils – found primarily in the respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts; contains cationic effector proteins toxic to parasitic worms; poor phagocytes †¢ Dendritic Cells – immature DCs reside in peripheral tissues and are highly active in macropinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis; expresses PRRs and TLRs; have roles in the initiation of adaptive immune response Cells of the Innate Immune System Suface Epithelium – lines the mucosal surfaces of the intestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts provide an important physical barrier The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System The Major Categories of Antimicrobial Effector Enzymes that hydrolyze components of microbial cell walls Antimicrobial proteins and petides that disrupt the integrity of microbial cell walls †¢ Lysozyme †¢ Chitinases †¢ Phospholipase A2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ BPI Defensins Cathelicidins Complement Eosinophil cationic protein Microbicidal serine proteases Proteins that sequester iron and zinc Enzymes that generate toxic oxygen and nitrogen derivatives †¢ Seprocidins †¢ Lactoferrin †¢ NRAMP †¢ calprotein †¢ Phagocytic oxidase †¢ Nitric oxide synthase †¢ myeloperoxidase The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lysozyme – a. k. a. muramidase; degrades the peptidoglycan of some gram(+) bacteria; highly concentrated in secretions such as tears and saliva †¢ Chitinases – enzymes that degrade chitin; secreted by activated macrophages and presumably play a role in antifungal defense The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Defensins – cationic peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria, fungi, parasites, and some envelope viruses; kill microorganisms by forming pores in the membranes; divided into ? – and ? defensins †¢ ? -defensins – presynthesized and stored in granules of neutrophils and Paneth cells of the small intestine †¢ ? -defensins – produced by epithelial cells and not stored in cytoplasmic granules The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Cathelicidins – active against gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria and fungi; produced in neutrophils and stored as inactive proproteins in the secondary granules †¢ Serprocedins – comprise a family of cationic serine proteases with antimicrobial activity (neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and azurocidin); exert its antimicrobial activity by either perturbation of microbial membranes or by proteolysis The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System †¢ Lactoferrin, NRAMP, and Calprotectin – antimicrobial activities are due to the ability to sequester iron and zinc †¢ Lactoferrin – found in the secondary granules of neutrophils, in epithelial secretions (e. i. breast milk), in the intestinal epithelium of infants, and in airway fluids; bacteriostatic (iron sequestration) and bacteriocidal (perturbation of microbial membranes) The Effector Mechanisms of the Innate Immune System NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) – integral membrane protein that functions as an ion pump in the phagocytic vacuoles of macrophage and neutrophils †¢ Calprotectin – member of the family of calciumbinding proteins; microbial activity is by chelation and sequestration of zinc ion ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS †¢ Soluble factors which are normal constituents that increase or decrease rapidly as produ †¢ Not a function of a single defined ph ysiologic system; rather, it is a product of multiple and diverse defense mechanisms How to cite Medical Immunology, Essay examples

Tourism on destination countries and suggest ways to tackle any negative effect free essay sample

Introduction tourism as an economic activity is important for many countries that try to obtain a share in the 8 $ trillion industry , while it can bring in wealth and economic benefits , there are also some negative consequences for those nations and their regions . for both these , it is important to understand the impact of tourism ( Holloway, and Davidson ,2009) . The aim of this study is to understand the structure of the Tourism industry to identify the impact of Tourism as a global activity and how to tackle impact , we need to define the meaning of term Tourism , UNWTO defined Tourism as people spending leisure time outside their original and usual residence area , for temporary time not for purpose of employment or residence , some governments added some extra outlines for the definition Canadian government said that it needs to be away from residence area by 25 miles , United States Government defined it 100 Miles and in United Kingdom defined as 20 Miles or 3 hours away from usual residence point , and term tourist began to be in use in 1942 professor Hunziker and Krapf of Bern university (Theobald,2005 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism on destination countries and suggest ways to tackle any negative effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tourism depend on two important factors which are tourists 1.035 Billion tourists around the world In 119 countries by UNWTO researches for 2013 , it contribute directly to many nations economy , France had in 2012 83 million visitors with amount of receipts of 53.7$ Billion in 2012 , USA considered top international Tourism receipts 126.2$ Billion for 67.0 million tourists in 2012 . and destination Countries are countries which have one or more out of the 6 competitive dimensions of tourism which are Environmental , Political , Technological , Cultural , Social and Economical (McCool,Moisey,2001). Positive Impact of Tourism 1-Economical Tourism has Direct and Indirect impact on any country economy , Directly by the fees and taxes that the government take from the Tourists whether on the borders or within the journey for using the countries facilities and transportation system , which contribute directly in GNP , Indirectly through opening new business small scale enterprises to support tourism infrastructure like hotels , restaurant or any private entertainment facility , which provide job opportunities , increase the individual annual Income , international tourism receipts became 1.07 trillion USD in 2012 by UNWTO reports (Holloway,2006 ). 2-Social and cultural People of the country can Enjoy the infrastructure created by the government or the privet sector to serve the tourism in their leisure time ( Theobald,2005 ) , Interaction between people globally from different countries increase Global awareness and understanding between nations and cultures , many countries attracts wide range of tourist in times of traditional carnivals and festivals , brazil Carnival drew around 4.9 million people attending the carnival in Rio which considered as largest carnival around the world (Brent,Crouch,2003) 3- Environmental Environmental impact of tourism on developing countries are quite high which helped directly for raising awareness of importance of the wild life , Danger of extinction of animal due to over hunting for a species , which drive many countries to take more attention of their attraction assets and provide safer environment , and tourism generate direct Fund for caring , developing and researches conducted on that Field ( Burns, novelli , 2008 ) . Negative impact Economical Creating a strong and competitive environment that can attract tourist is not quite easy task and not cheap as well providing better infrastructure for tourism cost a lot (Boniface , Cooper, 2009) , China considered to be top expenditure country on international tourism it was estimated about 102 billion USD in 2012 and Germany comes right after china with 85.9 million USD governments cut down part of the national income to invest in the Tourism industry it’s basically came from the tax payers and GNP, and most of the team Major hotels and restaurant brands get the benefits of this development and this is not in favor of locals , and many consider the money used for tourism industry can be used for more vital issues inside the country like health and education , and for same reason investing money in tourism can be quite risky and many factors affect it internally and externally like political situations , terrorism attacks on a country also natural disasters (McCoo l,Moisey,2001) . Social and cultural In some countries really depends on tourism and entertainment industry and by that number of negative side effects start to appear in those countries Crimes and mobs, drugs and prostitution(Boniface , Cooper, 2009), Actually there are countries that named as destination for people seeking for this type of entertainment like Brazil , Costa Rica and Netherlands and other different countries which legalized or regulated prostitution as legal act covered by constitution and protected by law ( Theobald,2005 ) These types of behaviors give totally false image about the country culture and social state and may support exchange of bad habits between people from different cultures. (Brent,Crouch,2003). Environmental Tourism can put high pressure on the environment for any regions , over exposing in some areas threat many type of living organisms and species in that region(McCool,Moisey,2001) , and increase in the pollution due to hotels and means of transportation used within the area, you will find more pressure on water and food supplies over consumption of water on unnecessary things like golf courts and swimming pools in hotels which mainly what depends on tourism industry , beside increase number of other different types of pollutions like Noise , solid wastes and sometime visual pollution( Burns, novelli , 2008 ). Conclusion Once a community becomes a tourist destination, the lives of residents in that community become affected by tourism activities (Jurowski, Uysal, Williams, 1997) The effect of tourism on the whole world is undeniable, tourism is considered to be one of the strong economic pillars supporting global economy , but evidence strongly proofing that tourism is a double edge weapon as it threats is as strong as its strengths , tackling most of these threats can be taken by the governments , Currently Many countries start to regulate more developed rules and measurement to monitor and control tourism industry because it’s much better to neutralize any threat in the beginning before it turn to be a real threats and problem and by creating Global understanding about how serious is this issue ( Theobald,2005 ).